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  Home > JCE Print > Journal of Chemical Education > Issues > 1999  > October  >
In the Laboratory
The Softening of Hard Water and Complexometric Titrations: An Undergraduate Experiment
Helena Ceretti, Enrique A. Hughes, and Anita Zalts
Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Instituto de Ciencias - Área Química, Roca 850, 1663 San Miguel, Prov. Bs. As., Argentina
Cover
October 1999
Vol. 76 No. 10
p. 1420
Abstract
A 2-hour experiment for undergraduates is presented in which (i) water hardness is explained and demonstrated; (ii) ion-exchange resin properties are visually demonstrated and then used for softening water; (iii) complexometric titrations are used for evaluating water hardness before and after softening; and (iv) acid-base titration can be used to show that the Ca/Mg ions removed by the ion exchanger are replaced by H ions.
Supplement
A student handout, instructor notes, and suggestions for alternative/complementary procedures are provided.
*  Contents
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*  Citation
 Ceretti, Helena; Hughes, Enrique A.; Zalts, Anita. J. Chem. Educ. 1999 76 1420.
*  Keywords
 Ion Exchange; Quantitative Analysis; Titrimetry; Water / Water Chemistry; Laboratory Instruction; Analytical Chemistry
*  History
 Created:
Last Updated:		 September 6, 1999
June 23, 2005
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